Marco Rozas-Serri, Miguel Fernandez-Alarcon, Mariene Miyoko-Natori, Renata Galetti, Ricardo Harakava, Mateus Cardoso-Guimarães, Ricardo Ildefonso
Recently, a strain of Streptococcus agalactiae serotype Ia sequence type 7 clonal complex 1 (SaIa ST7 CC1) has emerged in Latin American tilapia aquaculture as an international threat. This study evaluated outbreaks of acute streptococcosis occurring between 2021 and 2025 on commercial Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) farms in six Latin American countries, aiming to integrate molecular, clinical, pathological, and environmental data. In total, 360 moribund or recently dead fish at various production stages (larvae/fry, pre-grow-out, and grow-out) were examined, and 25 S. agalactiae isolates were serotyped and subjected to real-time PCR analysis, multilocus sequence typing (MLST), virulence and antimicrobial resistance gene profiling, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing. All isolates belonged to SaIa and shared the same ST7 CC1 MLST profile, forming a highly homogeneous cluster with reference SaIa ST7 CC1 strains previously isolated from tilapia farms in Asia. These results are consistent with the regional spread of a single clonal line. At the larval and fry stages, SaIa ST7 CC1 was associated with hyperacute septicemia, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, and frequent intestinal intussusception, whereas in pre-grow-out and grow-out fish, neurological signs were more prominent, followed by ocular signs, systemic hemorrhages, and coelomic lesions. Histopathological examination showed profuse colonization of the brain, spleen, liver, and intestine by Gram-positive cocci, accompanied by marked acute circulatory and inflammatory lesions and few chronic granulomatous responses, consistent with a rapidly progressing, highly aggressive infectious process. All outbreaks occurred during extended periods of warm water (>32◦C), with large day–night thermal gradients and reduced dissolved oxygen, suggesting that thermal stress may exacerbate disease expression in affected systems. All SaIa ST7 CC1 strains exhibited phenotypic susceptibility to florfenicol and amoxicillin, whereas 84% (21/25) and 100% (25/25) exhibited intermediate susceptibility to oxytetracycline and enrofloxacin, respectively. In total, 5 of the 21 isolates (23.8%) with intermediate susceptibility to oxytetracycline carried tetracycline resistance genes (tetM, tetO). These findings identify SaIa ST7 CC1 as a clinically significant emerging threat associated with thermally facilitated and geographically expanding streptococcosis in tilapia production in Latin America. Immediate priorities include screening imported broodstock using MLST or whole-genome sequencing (WGS), harmonized regional molecular surveillance, climate- adaptive farm management practices, prudent antimicrobial use, and serotype-matched vaccination and breeding strategies that improve both disease and heat resilience.
